Word Choice Devise vs. Device

Word Choice Devise versus Gadget Word Choice: Device versus Devise The words â€Å"device† and â€Å"devise† are both gotten from the Old French word deviser, which implied â€Å"to organize a division.† But in spite of their common inception, â€Å"device† and â€Å"devise† are altogether different in present day English: One is a thing, the other is an action word, nor is utilized to portray masterminding divisions. Befuddled? You’re not alone. We get a lot of solicitations for guidance about these words, especially from universal understudies. Furthermore, it’s critical to know the distinction between these terms on the off chance that you need to utilize them in your scholarly composition. So we’ve arranged this fast manual for clear things up. Gadget (A Gadget) The essential importance of the thing â€Å"device† is a device intended to play out a specific errand: Fred made his millions subsequent to concocting a gadget for eating a taco without making a wreck. In an artistic setting, a â€Å"device† can likewise be a method used to accomplish a specific impact: In Jabberwocky, Lewis Carroll utilizes portmanteau as a viable artistic gadget. The word â€Å"device† is likewise here and there utilized in the saying â€Å"left to one’s own devices,† significance to permit somebody to do however they see fit. This is a result of a good old utilization of the word â€Å"device† to mean â€Å"scheme.† Devise (To Plan or Plot) The action word â€Å"devise† is nearer to the Old French from which it’s determined, which means â€Å"to think of a plan†: Acknowledging she wasn’t going to complete her paper on schedule, Terri contrived another framework for handling her homework. The main setting wherein this contrasts is law, where â€Å"devise† is now and then utilized as a thing portraying either: a) property or land circulated in a will; or b) the demonstration of dispersing said property/land. Except if you are expounding on law, be that as it may, you shouldn’t need to recollect this definition. Gadget or Devise? Since these words are commonly altogether different in their advanced utilization, it’s normally simple to recall which applies in some random circumstance: Gadget (thing) = A device Devise (action word) = Come up with an arrangement The dubious one to pay special mind to is when â€Å"devise† is utilized in its lawful sense, yet this ought to be anything but difficult to spot from the specific circumstance. To ensure you dodge this and comparable mistakes in your work, be that as it may, it never damages to have an expert twofold check everything. Why not send a 500-word test to be edited with the expectation of complimentary today?

Corporate Average Fuel Economy Essay -- essays research papers

Corporate Average Fuel Economy      The foreshadowed Market Failures of the mid 1970's offered approach to Corporate Normal Fuel Economy, guideline which would call for new principles in vehicle eco-friendliness. The market disappointments depended on various outside factors which could have drastically affected household markets.      Resource Scarcity drove the American open to require a progressively proficient methods for dealing with its asset use because of an) oil bans on nondomestic items and b) out of this world costs at the siphon.      Conservation of the world's non-inexhaustible assets cams to the frontal area with a) higher siphon costs and b) estimated asset consumption before the year 2000.      With Corporate Average Fuel Economy set up the market disappointments ought to be mostly reduced and pressures because of confined global assets ought to die down. The directed eco-friendliness ought to permit the market to continue its national stream and recover soundness moving along without any more control.      Reliance on imported fills would be limited on account of the a) diminished interest for fuel utilization and b) brought down fuel request considered local makers to meet the essential needs of general society.      Maximum eco-friendliness would a) cut the measure of fuel utilization in this way invalidating high siphon costs and b) raise the degree of conservati...

Raleigh

Raleigh Raleigh rôl ´e, räl ´e [key], city (1990 pop. 207,951), state capital, and seat of Wake co., central N.C.; the site was selected for the capital in 1788, and the city was laid out and inc. 1792. It is a political, cultural, trade, and industrial center; the Raleigh-Durham airport is an air travel hub. The city's industries include electrical, medical, electronic, and telecommunications equipment; apparel; food processing; paper products; and pharmaceuticals. A research center for textiles and chemicals, Raleigh is part of North Carolina's Research Triangle, an area and organization shared with Chapel Hill and Durham that utilizes the scientific talent of the three cities' universities. The cooperative has drawn numerous insurance firms and other corporations to Raleigh, which has become one of the fastest-growing U.S. cities. The first capitol (built 1792â€"94) burned in 1831 and was replaced by a new, Greek Revival state capitol building, completed in 1840. In the Civil War, Uni on general Sherman occupied the city on Apr. 14, 1865. In 1963 the legislature moved into the state legislative building. Raleigh is the seat of North Carolina State Univ., Shaw Univ., Meredith College, St. Augustine's College, St. Mary's College, and Peace College. It has libraries, art, science, history, and other museums, an aboretum, a notable governor's mansion, and several 18th-century houses, including the birthplace of President Andrew Johnson, whose home is preserved as a historic site. The city is the site of an arts complex that includes the Raleigh Memorial Auditorium, A. J. Fletcher Opera Theater, and Meymandi Concert Hall, and is also the home to the National Hockey League's Carolina Hurricanes. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Factors influencing the various Compensation Packages - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3295 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? The main purpose of this project is to describe about compensation packages and factors influencing in this packages. And also discuss the impact of staff turnover and the employee absenteeism ratio which effecting the organisational productivity. Bangladesh is a developing country. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Factors influencing the various Compensation Packages" essay for you Create order According to UNDPs Human Development Report 2007/2008 Bangladeshs rank is 140th out of 177 countries. In Bangladesh, 40% of total population lives below the poverty line. In other report of Bangladesh Garments Manufacturer and Exporters Association (BGMEA), 2007 it shows that garments sector provides maximum export (76%) of total export in Bangladesh and 1.7% of total population of Bangladesh is working in Garments industries. Ready made garments exports mainly are doing in the European market US market. The ratios of exports are 49% to European Market, 33% to the US market rest (18%) to other countries. In a report shows that due to a strong demand for skilled labour combined with insufficient wage and discontinuity of payment, dissatisfaction of job, bad attitude in job etc. there is high level of migration of workers between factory to factory, and the average turnover is around 20% and absenteeism ratio is also increasing. Methodology: Secondary data is the main source of d ata of this project. I collected information from internet, journal about Bangladesh labour issue, some local magazine and newspaper, and books of human resource management. This project is based on exploratory research. I share my personal experience in based on my previous work. Literature Review: According to Bratton (2007) Reward refers to all of the monetary, non-monetary and psychological payments that an organization provides for its employees in exchange for the work they perform. So, reward can be wages, pay, money, recognition, compensation, psychological contact, promotion, etc. according to Human capital centre tool box series rewards can be anything which is receiving something in exchange for services or actions. However, the worker is getting return from their employer for the work done, can be describe as rewards and rewards is used for various terms or purpose. Earlier reward used only as the term payment (Torrington et al, 2005) but currently it find as bein g too narrow in extent people do not accept only financial form as a reward on the return of their work, they like to take non-monetary and recognitions for their work (Bratton Gold, 2007). And I used compensation the term as motivational factor. The term compensation is broadly used in the American literature alternative to reward (Torrington et al, 2008; Armstrong, 1998 cited on Bratton Gold, 2007). Moreover, the design of reward systems depends on two factors i.e. economic and social factors. Nowadays managers are forced to improve labour productivity and the quality of the products and services based on the local consumer tastes and different local markets. A better social environment between management and other employees of the organization and employee believe and organizational loyalty, all work to the concept of high-commitment-high-performance work coordinations reward which positively helps to improve the performance of the firm (Paauew, 2004 cited on Bratton Gold 2007). Kessler (2001) identified reward role as performance-related pay which plays vital system within the workforce. Paauwe (2004) state that reward management can be interrupt by the social and psychological factors and reward is a significantly essential in lead to system of impartial distribution. And helps to decision making by creating a employees conception of equality and reliance (Boselie et al, 2001). Due to problematic nature of pay system Brown (1989) describes that the reasonable management of compensation is necessary for the involvement of the adequate management, it is not prerequisite to be satisfy. (Bratton Gold, 2007) Furthermore, Bird and Beechler (1995) cited in Briscoe Schuller (2008) established that employee performance (e.g. morale and turnover rate) in firms that successfully adopted the strategic fit concept was significantly better than in firms that did not do so. Although managerial performance (e.g. profit margin and sales) was also better, the d ifference was not significant. The concept of fit refers mainly to the close linkage of HRM strategies and business strategies in ways that will help retain and motivate employees. Yes it is very good point retain and motivation of employee, as because every organisation aim is finding way to keep there employees. Motivation is one of them; it can be two types money and appraising employee. In most of the case money is main motivational factor for the employee especially in Bangladesh. The reason why money is the main factor then we can see from table 1 about the monthly income of average employee is low and there life status is not much standard based on there income and expenses. So they always looking for better opportunity when ever they got good offer from other company they migrate or switch the company. Main body: Compensation System Analysis: Saiyadain (2006) describes that I am only marking my time in this organization till I get a better paying jobÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦[4] Financial compensation represents a part of total reward system in an organization. Even though for the overall satisfaction of the employees money still plays a significant, more constant and more difficult role. The major responsibilities of HR managers are to give compensation or pay employees for their work and increasing structures of compensation packages. As because a good pay packages helps the organization for talent hiring and retaining employees for long time that necessary for the high productivity (Saiyadain 2006). Determining Compensation: According to Saiyadain (2006) to set the compensation structure is the most complicated and time consuming activity of HR manager. This decision is depends on a numbers of variables which are discussed as bellows: Trade Union: Trade union is one of the im portant variable in determining the levels of compensation because they always pushing organization and force to pay better compensation for the employees. Hiring and retain talent: Better pay structure works significant role in the organization to attract and retain talent employee. A good compensation system helps to influence a great number of applicants where organization may get the opportunity to select the best candidate among them. Region-cum-industry basis compensation: In Bangladesh context organization has to determine compensation structure based on the region-cum-industry. Organization cannot afford to pay less than region-cum-industry due to chance to lose the employees for their better opportunity. And on the other hand organization they are not allowed to give high compensation because the pressure of the other organization. Job security: Some times employees are looking for good reputed organization where jobs are more secured. And they are not giving prefe rences which are providing high compensation but hire-fire is the regularly happened in the organization. Ability to pay: Ability to pay is also a factor in determining the compensation. Sometimes organization is not affordable to pay high compensation due to the size and profitability of the organization. The Civil Rights Act 1964 or Equal Pay Act: The civil rights act which is determine the standard minimum wages of the employee based on living expenses and life status. This law also covers not to discriminate man or woman in the workplace who are doing same values and equivalent job. Methods for Determining Compensation: Saiyadain (2006) describes there are two broadly uses methods for determining compensation such as salary survey and job evaluation. These are discusses as follows: 1. Salary survey: HR manager can determine compensation by conducting a survey in similar industries for similar positions. It is quick and less expensive way to determine compensation. Th is survey could be done at two levels such as organizational and professional levels. In the organizational level the HRM department responsibility to undertake a study to find out equivalent compensation package in the similar industries. They can collect data from different source for example checking with HR managers of similar industries, collect information about compensation packages from newspaper advertisement and electronic media including websites for related jobs in similar industries. In addition HR department also can arrange a formal salary survey to determine compensation. However organization can determine compensation with the help of professional consultants who are expert in this sector. They use variety of technique to suggest compensation package (Saiyadain 2006). 2. Job Evaluation: Bloom (1998) cited on Torrington et al. (2002) describes job evaluation is a systematic process designed to aid an establishment in establishing differentials across jobs within a single employerÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ The culmination of this appraisal process is a hierarchy of jobs denoting their relative complexity and value to the organization. This method is the way to build up a connection between the employee contribution and compensation for this contribution. It is a good method to evaluate employee skills and also helps to show the best performance in a job. Job evaluation is the best way to observe the outcomes of skills, capabilities, measures the responsibilities and work environment which is closely related to the best performance. Basically it does not set the value of job but it gives foundation for it. And this is a performance appraisal technique which helps to improve the job descriptions and requirement (Saiyadain 2006). According to Saiyadain (2006) there are four methods of job evaluation. These are ranking method, job classification, point system and Factor comparison system. These methods are discusses as below: Ranking met hod: This method is the simplest method of job evaluation. In this method the whole job is being categories based on the difficulty level. For example in garments industries employer segments operator in 4 different levels such as Tr. Operator, Jr. operator, operator and Sr. operator. They categories based on the skills and experience but there is not specific way to indicate the performance levels. It is only showing the difficulty levels of the jobs. Job Classification: This method is identifies the classes, categories and grades of job. This is a grading systems of job for example in garments industries there are some operation which are important for making garments but normally anybody can not do that process with maintaining target. In this method it classified or grades the operation such as A grades, B grades, and C grades operation and performance ranges such as above 80% is very good, 60% 79% good, 40% 59% average and below 40% is poor. This is the good method of clas sify operators grades. Point System: It is a most practical method of job evaluation as because operator in garments industries may have variety of skills. Each segmented operations are important in the garment industry with 100% target and this is important for the company productivity. One operator can do several good categories operation with 100% target or some average operations with 100% target but on the other hand one can do several good categories operation but only can give the 60% 80% target in that case point system is the best way to evaluate operators performance and influence to improve their performance. Factor Comparison System: This is a complicated and expensive method due to it required consultation of professionals and specialists for judgment and assessment of jobs. In this method it compared the money value of one factor in one job with the money value of the same factor in other job. This is a more suitable method because it is structured based on the well-known compensation systems (Saiyadain 2006). Labour turnover analysis: Some consultants, academics and management gurus states that There are no longer any jobs for lifeÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦[3] Torrington et al. (2002) argued about the impact of staff turnover rates is depends on the organization to organisaiton. In some organization is successful in business with high turnover rates which are impractical to function in other sector due to the different in operation and difficult to replace skill workers. For example in some chains of fast food restaurants are generally managing business and become successful with turnover rates in excess of 300 percent that means standard occupancy for each employee is only four months (Ritzer 1996; Cappelli 2000). On the other hand, in a professional service organization where personal relation is more important between employees and clients to organizational success, it is badly hampered to the organization if the turnover rate s are excess of 10 percent. Bevan (1991) cited on Bratton Gold (2007) indicates several causes for high staff turnover. He identified that pay in not only the reason for staff turnover and there are some other factors works on that issue. They are follows: Employee expectation: The employees expectations are not matching with the job such as bonus, benefits, holidays and etc (Torrington et al 2002). That factors causes dissatisfaction of job. It is more likely happened with the new employees of the organization. A lack of attention: Employees are found that managers are not giving attention to them and they are not providing supporting training to develop themselves. For that reason they are not well perform in the job. Work environment: Work environment is not friendly with the employee such as lack of freedom in work, limited responsibility, no challenging environment and there are no innovative works within the organization. Appraisal system: Some organization doe snt have the proffer evaluation systems. So employees are disappointing with the unfair promotion and worried about the development opportunities system. Management system: Due to unskilled management and their unfair treatment with the employees and lack of knowledge of how to motivate employee. Gregg and Wadsworth (1999) cited in Torrington et al. (2002) demonstrate in their study of 870,000 workers starting new jobs in 1992 out of that 17 per cent had left within three months and 42 per cent within 12 months. The above discussion of all issues are the main reasons rather than pay issues which depends on the employees, management, the work environment and organizational systems what welcomes staff turnover rates in the organization. Saiyadain (2006) point out that I changed my previous job to this because it pays wellÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦[4]. So pay is the crucial issues for quitting job. According to Torrington et al. (2002) there is some argument in the reten tions literature about raising pay levels reduces staff turnover. In one side some researcher found that usually, employers who offer the most attractive reward packages to the employees have lower turnover rates than those who pay poorly (Gomez-Mejia and Balkin 1992), for that reason many organization uses pay rates as their major weapon in retaining employee (Cappelli 2000; IRS 2000a; IRS 2000b cited on Torrington et al. 2002). On other research based on questionnaire suggests that pay is a good deal and less important than other factors in a decision to quit ones job (Bevan et al. 1997; Hiltrop 1999 cited on Torrington et al. 2002). In a study Sturges and Guest (1999) cited on Torrington et al. (2002) point out that in the field of graduate employment pay rising is not vital factors for quitting job that only resulting greater job satisfactions but they wants more challenges and innovation within the job roles. In addition, a result of research cited on Torrington et al. (2002 ) appears to verify the views of Herzberg (1996) where he indicates pay as hygiene factor rather than a motivator. Therefore it shows as a cause of dissatisfaction at work, other than not of positive job satisfaction. People who are not get paid well by the employer they automatically motivated to leave the job but if they satisfy about their pay, the additional benefits do not effect to change their mind to quit job. Absenteeism analysis: In everyday life employees need a little extra effort to come to work in an emergency. A little little problem makes a tremendous impact on work attendance such as problem with bicycle, a drizzle, a small tiff with spouse and several such types of incident. But it depends on satisfaction or dissatisfaction of work and for the dissatisfied worker these minor problems becomes the major issues for missing from work on the other hand for the satisfied worker is totally irrelevant. However, it causes extra cost to cover this situation. An organizati on has to recruit extra manpower or retaining large number of manpower as they required due to the increasing rates of the fact of absenteeism. Bhatia and Valecha (1978) cited on Saiyadain (2006) defines that organization has to retain extra 10 per cent workforce of the total workforce. However, there are several definition of absenteeism are available and most of them are describes absenteeism as absence from work when one is expected to work. Absence from work could be happened several reasons such as inability or unwillingness to come to the works. Any absence with prior notice or approval did not count as absenteeism only unexpected sickness or injury is counted as absent. Moreover, According to Sinha and Nair (1965) cited on Saiyadain (2006) study on absenteeism shows that the lower job satisfaction is causes the higher rates of absenteeism. They classified their research based on respondents in two groups as low absentee and high absentee group. Their result also points out that low absence groups are more satisfy with their job than the high absence group. Case analysis: Pacific Jeans Ltd. is one of the leading garment industries in Bangladesh. They are working with world renowned buyers like GAP, HM, NEXT, Lee, Wrangler etc. This company introduced modern technology with high-tech machine which is ensured high quality product and increases there production upto 20% annually. Up to year 2004 they use to set compensation packages without any job evaluation process. They only were taking the recommendation from manager to determine compensation of the employee. But that was not fair system and it was badly affected to the employee. Due to that unfair system operators turnover and absenteeism ratio was surprisingly increases where company loosing there productivity and efficiency. For finding the solution of that company introduces a new team whose duty is to find out the problem and give the best solution for that. However, this team introduce s operator ranking method of job evaluation like Tr. operator, Jr. operator, operator and Sr. operator where any have chance to go any categories with showing high performance. They also introduce process or operation classification method like A B C grades based on the difficulty of the operation. Therefore every operator was motivated himself to do good grades operation which helps him/her to promote themselves. Moreover, the team finds out the solution about the new operator recruitment process which helps to select the best and necessary operator the team. They taking cycle time (cycle time is observed time of a process how long it takes to complete the operation) of operation (at least 10 cycle) with the help of stop watch which the operator knows best and calculate the capacity of the new operator with giving 10% 20% allowance (for example bobbin change, needle broken, thread cut etc.) based on the operation categories (see appendix I). Based on his/her capacity and doing which grades operation it can easily identify the ranking of operator and determine the compensation package. It is fair judgments system for the operator. So far that is best and fair way to evaluate the operator. As a result of fair evaluation system and compensation packages operators are motivated to do best performance and reduces the absenteeism and turnover rates that lead to high job satisfaction to the employees. Conclusion: Compensation is a crucial issue for the employee. If an employee is not well compensated for his contribution then s/he is not happy in his job. So it guides employees to increases absenteeism and turnover. There is a proverb that money is sweater than honey. Every body in any organization is work for survival for the fittest especially in the developing country or poor country. From the analysis of compensation system it could see that how fair judgment effecting employee mind and motivate the employee turn into satisfaction or dissatisfaction of jo b. Human Resource Management is playing a vital role in an organization to change all the factors by taking some necessary steps about employee motivation. Finally it can say that good compensation packages for employee works as motivational factors in an organization while it reduces absenteeism and turnover rates in an organization on the other hand it also helps to increases company productivity.

LAY CONCEPTS OF HEALTH Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Particularly, Herzlich (1973) discovered that lay people linked illness and health to lifestyle: the participants shared the belief that stress, fatigue, and other adverse tensions associated with urban living could either exacerbate an illness caused by other factors or generate an illness on their own. Based on this finding Herzlich (1973) justified the lay concept of duality of health. According to that concept, health is an endogenous (within a person) thing maintaining of which requires constant struggle against a variety of exogenous (external) factors that cause illness. A series of subsequent studies further explored the links revealed by Herzlich (1973) across a range of ages, sexes, occupations, social classes, cultural backgrounds and other variables to discover the most essential features of lay beliefs about health and illness. Most of these studies exposed the variation between lay perception of health and illness and direct social and material conditions of participants. The origins of lay conceptions of health were also identified. These findings were brilliantly summarized by Stacey (1988) in the following statement: â€Å"Ordinary people develop explanatory theories to account for their material, social and bodily circumstances. We will write a custom essay sample on LAY CONCEPTS OF HEALTH or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now These they apply to themselves as individuals, but in developing them they draw on all sorts of knowledge and wisdom, some of it derived from their own experience, some of it handed on by word of mouth, other parts of it derived from highly trained practitioners. Thus lay explanations go beyond common sense, in that explanations beyond the immediately obvious are included† (p. 142). Perception of health as functional capacity is also a common characteristic of lay health beliefs (Blaxter, 2004). Lay people treat ‘good health’ as the ability to normally fulfill the duties inherent in their social and/or economic roles. This means that health may be perceived as the absence of illness on the one hand and as the ability to successfully cope with one’s duties despite illness. Such concept of health is predominantly shared by representatives of the middle class and the elderly who, therefore, viewed health as a sort of reserve e nabling them to cope with illnesses. By contrast, those people who have poor health are less likely to adopt the functional conception of health (Blaxter, 2004). The notion of so-called ‘candidacy’ is an important feature of lay health concept. This notion is used by lay persons to explain relative risk of illness and effectiveness of preventive behaviours.

Rene Descartes Free Essays

Rene Descartes Rene Descartes was a brilliant man. His works on philosophy, physics and mathematics are still heavily influenced much to all of these studies today in our modern world. Descartes was born in March 31, 1596 in La Haye, France; he was named after one of his godfathers, Rene Bruchard des Funtaines. We will write a custom essay sample on Rene Descartes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Descartes parents were Joachim and Jeanne Descartes, he also had one brother and one sister and two half siblings. Growing up Descartes had health issues â€Å"infirmity of the lungs, (Rene Descartes). When he was enrolled in school around eight years of age at Jesuit college La Fleche in Anjou he had permission to wake up at eleven in the morning instead of earlier like all the other school kids, in regards to his fragile health. Descartes kept this daily routine for almost the rest of his life he believed that, â€Å"the only way to good work in mathematics and to preserve his health was never to allow anyone to make him get up in the morning before he felt inclined to do so; an opinion which I chronicle for the benefit of any schoolboy into whose hands this work may fall, (A Short Account of the History of Mathematics’). Descartes left school at around 1912 and they began to study law at Poiters, and graduated with honors for his degree and license in law, although he di dn’t pursue a law degree. In 1617 Descartes chose to join the army rather than the church; He served in the army of Prince Maurice of Orange and then Breda. He was more of a mercenary for the Catholics and Protestants. One day in late fall of 1618, Descartes was walking around and saw a Dutch placard, which spiked his curiosity; and by luck the person he stopped was Isaac Beckman. Beckman was a highly educated Dutch philosopher; he translated for Descartes in return if Descartes would work out the problem. After a couple of hours passed, intrigued by Descartes, Beckman â€Å"sparked his interest in mathematics and the New Physics, he concluded that his real path in life was the pursuit of true wisdom and science, (17th Century Mathematics-Descartes). † During his leisure time in the army, Descartes studied mathematics; in November 10th-11th, 1619 he had a series of dreams that he believed is one or the most important days of his life. The visions he had were his first ideas of new philosophy and his works of analytical geometry. He continued to serve in the army under his family traditions and influence and was persuaded to volunteer under Count de Bucquoy in the army of Bavaria, and then he resigned his commission in 1621. Descartes traveled throughout parts of Europe for a couple of years still purely giving himself to mathematics in 1628 while residing in France he met Cardinal de Berulle, the founders of the Oratorians. Berulle loved his conversation with Descartes, â€Å"and he encouraged Descartes to devote his life to the study of truth, (Rene Descartes-Biography). For the nest twenty years Descartes lived in seclusion in Holland and made regular trips to France. In the course of time Descartes wrote a piece of his collections, â€Å"Le Monde†, he didn’t want it to be published in that time; because the Catholic church had burnt all of Galileo’s Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632) and him in house arrest. Descartes had lived in fear the same thing could happen to him if he didn’t correspond with the rules. Yet he was book â€Å"Le Monde† was published many years later. Despite not being able to release that book, he did write another book in 1633 and was published in 1937. â€Å"In 1637 Descartes published Optics, Meteorology, and Geometry, a collection of essays. The preface to the collection is titled Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking the Truth in the Sciences, (Rene Descartes-Biography). † â€Å"La Geometrie† is what his contribution to mathematics is still used till this day. Before his discovery mathematicians used capital letters (A,B,C) for known quantities in algebraic notation and unknown quantities were lower case letters (a,b,c). In the â€Å"La Geometrie† he gave his ideas and instead of using capital and lower cases letters, he shifted it to just (a,b,c) as know quantities and (x,y,z) for unknown. In that time he also in verbal expression of exponents such as â€Å"square, cube at etc†, he replaced it with numeral superscripts. Descartes argued that, For the square of a magnitude did not differ from it in kind, as a geometrical square differs from a line, rather, the square the cube and all powers differed from the base quantity only in the number of â€Å"relations† separating them respectively from a common unit quantity. That is since: 1: x=x; x2 =x2: x3=†¦ (Descartes: Mathematics and Physics) Descartes â€Å"rule of signs† a law given for determining whether the number of positive or negative real roots of polynomials â€Å"Descartes’ â€Å"rule of signs† does not give the solution of a polynomial equation, but it does give information on the number of positive and negative roots of the polynomial, (17th Century Mathematics-Descartes). † He also proposed in â€Å"La Geometrie† that each point in a two dimension form can have two numbers on a plane, giving a horizontal and vertical locations; which is known as Cartesian coordinates. He used perpendicular lines (or axes) crossing at a point called the origin, to measure the horizontal (x) and vertical (y) locations, both positive and negative, thus effectively diving the plane into four quadrants, (17th Century Mathematics-Descartes). † With the Cartesian Coordinates, Descartes showed that the x and y axis supported simple equations of straight lines, to more complex coordinates of equations with different exponents. For example y=x2+4 is a curve parabola. Descartes was more famously known as a philosopher giving his two sense in things and pursuing to uphold the truth. He continued to keep adding to his collections of writing Meditations, Principia Philosophiae and others. In 1649, Queen Christina of Sweden invited Descartes to live in Stockholm to tutor her in philosophy and she insisted in working with him at 5 in the morning; which he was used. The early hours and the harsh weather affected his health and he died of pneumonia in early 1650. Besides his great deal of being dubbed â€Å"the father of modern day philosophy† Descartes math contributions are value of us today. His idea of the Cartesian coordinate is in our mathematical calculators and the coordinates are what we use in math in almost all grade levels. Without Descartes influence exponents wouldn’t have been as simple, and also being able to determine positive and negative real roots. Descartes believed everything can be related to math and that there was always an answer, even if it was imaginary numbers too. His contributions in all areas of studies helped shaped the modern studies. Rene Descartes was a brilliant man indeed. Works Cited Ball, W. W Rouse. ‘ A Short Account of the HIstory of Mathematics’ (4th edition). 1908. Biography, Complete Dictionary of Scientific. Descartes: Mathemtics and Physics. 2008. December 2012 Encyclopedia. com. Rodis-Lewis, Genevieve. â€Å"Descartes’ lofe and the development of his philosophy. † Cottingham, John. The Cambridge Companion to Descartes. 1992. p 21-58. School, The European Graduate. Rene Descartes-Biography. http://www. egs. edu/library/rene-descartes/biography/. Unknown. 17 Century Mathematics-Descartes. How to cite Rene Descartes, Essay examples

The Buddha Essay Research Paper In the free essay sample

The Buddha Essay, Research Paper In the 6th century before the Christian epoch, faith was forgotten in India. The exalted instructions of the Vedas were thrown into the background. There was much priest trade everyplace. The insincere priests traded on faith. They duped the people in a assortment of ways and amassed wealth for themselves. They were irreligious to state the least. In the name of faith, people followed in the footfalls of these barbarous priests and performed meaningless rites. They killed animate beings and performed assorted forfeits. The state was in great demand of a reformist. At such a critical period, when there were inhuman treatment, devolution, and unrighteousness everyplace, a reformist was to be born to salvage the people, and circulate the message of equality, integrity and cosmic love everyplace. Buddha was born in 560 B.C. and died at the age of 80 in 480 B.C. . Buddha # 8217 ; s male parent was Suddhodana, male monarch of the Sakhyas. We will write a custom essay sample on The Buddha Essay Research Paper In the or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Buddha # 8217 ; s female parent was named Maya. The topographic point of his birth was a grove known as Lumbini, near the metropolis of Kapilavastu, at the pes of Mount Palpa in the Himalayan ranges within Nepal. This little metropolis Kapilavastu, stood on the bank of the small river Rohini, about a 100 stat mis northeast of the metropolis of Varnasi. As the clip grew near for Buddha to come in the universe, the Gods themselves prepared the manner before him with heavenly omens and marks. Flowers bloomed and soft rains fell although out of season. Heavenly music was heard, and delightful aromas filled the air. On the organic structure of the kid dullard at birth, were 32 auspicious Markss ( Mahavyanjana ) which indicated his hereafter illustriousness, besides secondary Markss ( Anuvyanjana ) in big Numberss. Guatama? s female parent Maya died seven yearss after her boy # 8217 ; s birth. He was brought up by his aunt Mahaprajapati, who became his foster- female parent. On the birth of the kid Siddhartha, astrologists made anticipations to his male parent Suddhodana. # 8220 ; The kid, on achieving manhood, would go either a cosmopolitan sovereign ( Chakravarti ) , or abandoning house and place, would presume the robe of a monastic and go a Buddha, a absolutely enlightened psyche, for the redemption of world # 8221 ; . Then the male monarch said: # 8220 ; What shall my boy see to do him retire from the universe? # 8221 ; The astrologist replied: # 8220 ; Four marks # 8221 ; . # 8220 ; What four? # 8221 ; asked the male monarch. # 8220 ; A decrepit old adult male, a morbid adult male, a dead adult male and a monastic # 8211 ; these four will do the prince retire from the universe # 8221 ; replied the astrologists. In fright that he might lose his cherished boy, Suddhodana tried his degree best to do him attached to earthly objects. He surrounded him with all sorts of luxury and indulgence, in order to retain his fond regard for pleasances of the senses and prevent him front set abouting a vow of loneliness and poorness. He got him married and put him in a walled topographic point with gardens, fountains, castles, music, dances, etc. Countless immature adult females attended on Siddhartha in hopes of maintaining him cheerful and happy. In peculiar, the male monarch wanted to maintain Siddhartha off from the # 8216 ; four marks # 8217 ; which would travel him to come in into the ascetic life. # 8220 ; From this clip on # 8221 ; said the male monarch, # 8220 ; allow no such individuals be allowed to come near my boy. It will neer make for my boy to go a Buddha. What I would wish to see is my boy exerting autonomous regulation and authorization over the four great continents and the two 1000 attender isles, walking through the celestial spheres surrounded by a retinue 36 conferences in perimeter # 8221 ; . To guarantee that Guatama would neer come in the ascetic life, Suddhodana put guards in each of the four waies, in order that none of the four sorts of work forces might come within sight of his boy. Siddhartha spent his boyhood at Kapilavastu and its locality. He was married at the age of 16. His married woman # 8217 ; s name was Yasodhara. Siddhartha had a boy named Rahula. At the age of 29, Siddhartha Gautama all of a sudden abandoned his place to give himself wholly to religious chases and Yogic patterns. A mere accident turned him to the way of repudiation. One twenty-four hours he managed, someway or the other, to acquire out of the walled enclosure of the castle. He roamed approximately in the town along with his servant Channa to see how the people were acquiring on. The sight of a decrepit old adult male, a ill adult male, a cadaver and a monastic eventually induced Siddhartha to abdicate the universe. He felt that he excessively would go a quarry to old age, that he excessively would fall victim to disease and that he excessively would necessarily decease. Upon the brush with the monastic, he took notice in the monastic? s repose and dynamic personality. Let me travel beyond the wretchednesss of this Samsara ( worldly life ) by abdicating this universe of wretchednesss and sorrows. This everyday life, with all its luxuries and amenitiess, is perfectly worthless. I besides am capable to disintegrate and am non free from the consequence of old age. Worldly felicity is ephemeral # 8221 ; . Gautama left forever his place, wealth, rule, power, male parent, married woman and the lone kid. He shaved his caput and put on xanthous robes. He marched towards Rajgriha, the capital of the land of Magadha. There were many caves in the adjacent hills. There were many anchorites that had lived in those caves. Siddhartha took Alamo Kalamo, a anchorite, as his first instructor. He was non satisfied with his instructions. He left him and sought aid, of another hermit named Uddako Ramputto, for religious instructions. Still defeated, at last he determined to set about Yogic patterns. He practiced terrible Tapas ( asceticisms ) and Pranayama ( pattern of breath control ) for six old ages. He determined to achieve the supreme peace by practising penance. He abstained about wholly from taking nutrient, although he did non happen much advancement by following this method. He was reduced to a skeleton and became extremely weak. At that minute, some dancing misss were go throughing his manne r singing gleefully as they played on their guitar. Buddha heard their vocal and found in it sincere alleviation. The vocal the misss sang had no existent deep significance for them, but for Buddha it was a message full of profound religious significance. It was a religious pickup to take him out of his desperation and infuse power, strength and bravery. The vocal was: # 8220 ; Fair goes the dance when the Sitar is tuned, Tune us the Sitar neither low nor high, And we will dance away the Black Marias of work forces. The twine overstretched interruptions, the music dies, The twine overslack is dense and the music dies, Tune us the Sitar neither low nor high. # 8221 ; It was so that Buddha realized that he should non travel to extremes in tormenting the organic structure by famishment. He decided should follow a in-between way by avoiding extremes. He began to eat nutrient in moderateness. He gave up the earlier utmost patterns and took to the in-between way. Once Buddha was in a dejected temper as he did non win in his Yogistic patterns. He knew non where to travel and what to make. A small town miss noticed his sorrowful face. She approached him and said to him in a polite mode: # 8220 ; Revered sir, may I convey some nutrient for you? It seems you are really hungry # 8221 ; . Gautama looked at her and said, # 8220 ; What is your name, my beloved sister? # 8221 ; The maiden answered, # 8220 ; Venerable sir, my name is Sujata # 8221 ; . Gautama said, # 8220 ; Sujata, I am really hungry. Can you truly pacify my hungriness? # 8221 ; The guiltless Sujata did non understand Gautama. Gautama was spiritually hungry. He was thirsting to achieve supreme peace and Self-fulfillment. He wanted religious nutrient. Sujata placed some nutrient before Gautama and entreated him to take it. Gautama smiled and said, # 8220 ; Beloved Sujata, I am extremely pleased with your sort and benevolent nature. Can this nutrient pacify my hungriness? # 8221 ; Sujata replied, # 8220 ; Yes sir, it will pacify your hungriness. Kindly take it now # 8221 ; . Gautama began to eat the nutrient underneath the shadow of a big tree, thenceforth to be called as the great # 8216 ; Bo-tree # 8217 ; or the tree of wisdom. Gautama sat in a brooding temper underneath the tree from early forenoon to sunset, with a ardent finding and an Fe resoluteness: # 8220 ; Let me decease. Let my organic structure perish. Let my flesh dry up. I will non acquire up from this place boulder clay I get full light # 8221 ; . He plunged himself into deep speculation . At dark he entered into deep Samadhi ( superconscious province ) underneath that sacred Bo-tree ( Pipal tree or ficus religiosa ) . He was tempted by Maya in a assortment of ways, but he stood inexorable. He did non give to Maya # 8217 ; s allurements and enticements. He came out winning with full light. He attained Nirvana ( release ) . His face shone with godly luster and radiance. He got up from his place and danced in Godhead rapture for seven back-to-back yearss and darks around the sacred Bo-tree. Then he came to the normal plane of consciousness. His bosom was filled with profound clemency and compassion. He wanted to portion what he had with humanity. He traveled all over India and preached his philosophy and Gospel. He became a Jesus, Jesus and Jesus. Buddha gave out the experiences of his Samadhi: # 8220 ; I therefore lay eyes on my head released from the befoulment of earthly being, released from the befoulment of animal pleasances, released from the befoulment of unorthodoxy, released from the befoulment of ignorance. # 8221 ; In the liberated province arose the cognition: # 8220 ; I am emancipated, metempsychosis is nonextant, the spiritual walk is accomplished, what had to be done is done, and at that place i s no demand for the present being. I have overcome all enemies ; I am all-wise ; I am free from discolorations in every manner ; I have left everything and have obtained emancipation by the devastation of desire. Myself holding gained cognition, whom should I name my Master? I have no instructor ; no 1 is equal to me. I am the sanctum one in this universe ; I am the highest instructor. I entirely am the absolute omniscient one ( Sambuddho ) . I have gained imperturbability by the extinction of all passion and have obtained Nirvana. To establish the land of jurisprudence ( Dharmo ) I go to the metropolis of Varnasi. I will crush the membranophone of immortality in the darkness of this world† . Lord Buddha so walked on to Varnasi. He entered the # 8216 ; deer-park # 8217 ; one eventide. He gave his discourse at that place and preached his philosophy. He preached to all without exclusion, work forces and adult females, the high and the low, the ignorant and the learned # 8211 ; all likewise. All his first adherents were laypersons and two of the really first were adult females. The first convert was a rich immature adult male named Yasa. The following were Yasa # 8217 ; s male parent, female parent and married woman. Those were his ballad adherents. Buddha argued and debated with his old adherents who had deserted him when he was in the Uruvila wood. He brought them round by his powerful statements and persuasive powers. Kondanno, an elderly anchorite, was converted foremost. The others besides shortly accepted the philosophy of Lord Buddha. Buddha made 60 adherents and sent them in different waies to prophesy his philosophy. Buddha told his adherents non to ask into the beginning of the universe, into the being and nature of God. He said to them that such probes were practically useless and likely to deflect their heads. Spreading THE DOCTRINE The figure of Buddha # 8217 ; s followings bit by bit increased. Nobles, Brahmins and many affluent work forces became his adherents. Buddha paid no attending to caste. The hapless and the outcastes were admitted to his order. Those who wanted to go full members of his order were obliged to go monastics and to detect rigorous regulations of behavior. Buddha had many ballad adherents besides. Those laic members had to supply for the wants of the monastics. In the wood of Uruvila, there were three brothers # 8211 ; all really celebrated monastics and philosophers. They had many learned adherents. They were honoured by male monarchs and dictators. Lord Buddha went to Uruvila and lived with those three monastics. He converted those three reputed monastics, which caused a great esthesis all over the state. Lord Buddha and his adherents walked on towards Rajgriha, the capital of Magadha. Bimbisara, the male monarch, who was attended upon by 120,000 Brahmans and homeowners, welcomed Buddha and his followings with great devotedness. He heard the discourse of Lord Buddha and at one time became his adherent. 110,000 of the Brahmins and homeowners became full members of Lord Buddha # 8217 ; s order and the staying 10,000 became laic disciples. Buddha # 8217 ; s followings were treated with disdain when they went to implore their day-to-day nutrient. Bimbisara made Buddha a present of Veluvanam # 8211 ; a bamboo-grove, one of the royal pleasure-gardens near his capital. Lord Buddha spent many showery seasons at that place with his followings. Every Buddhist monastic takes a vow, when he puts on the xanthous robe, to abstain from killing any life being. Therefore, a stay in one topographic point during the rainy season becomes necessary. Even now, the Paramahamsa Sannyasins ( the highest category of renunciates ) of Sankara # 8217 ; s order stay in one topographic point for four months during the rainy season ( Chaturmas ) . It is impossible to travel approximately in the rainy season without killing countless little insects, which the combined influence of wet and the hot Sun at the season brings into being. Lord Buddha received from his male parent a message inquiring him to see his native topographic point, so that he might see him one time more before he died. Buddha accepted his invitation lief and started for Kapilavastu. He stayed in a wood outside the metropolis. His male parent and relations came to see him, but they were non pleased with their ascetic Gautama. They left the topographic point after a short clip. They did non do any agreement for his and his followings # 8217 ; day-to-day nutrient. After all, they were worldly people. Buddha went to the metropolis and begged his nutrient from door to door. This intelligence reached the ears of his male parent. He tried to halt Gautama from imploring. Gautama said: # 8220 ; O male monarch, I am a friar # 8211 ; I am a monastic. It is my responsibility to acquire alms from door to door. This is the responsibility of the Order. Why do you halt this? The nutrient that is obtained from alms is really pure # 8221 ; . His male parent did non pay any attending to the words of Gautama. He snatched the bowl from his manus and took him to his castle. All came to pay Buddha their respects, but his married woman Yasodhara did non come. She said, # 8220 ; He himself will come to me, if I am of any value in his eyes # 8221 ; . She was a really chaste lady endowed with Viveka ( favoritism ) , Vairagya ( dryness ) and other virtuous qualities. From the twenty-four hours she lost her hubby she gave up all her luxuries. She took really simple nutrient one time day-to-day and slept on a mat. She led a life of terrible asceticisms. Gautama heard all this. He was really much moved. He went at one time to see her. She prostrated at his pess. She caught clasp of his pess and explosion into cryings. Buddha established an order of female abstainers. Yasodhara became the first of the Buddhistic nuns. Yasodhara pointed out the passing Buddha to her boy through a window and said, # 8220 ; O Rahula! That monastic is your male parent. Travel to him and inquire for your birthright. Tell him boldly, # 8216 ; I am your boy. Give me my heritage # 8217 ; # 8221 ; . Rahula at one time went up to Buddha and said, # 8220 ; Dear male parent, give me my heritage # 8221 ; . Buddha was taking his nutrient so. He did non give any answer. The male child repeatedly asked for his heritage. Buddha went to the wood. The male child besides mutely followed him to the wood. Buddha said to one of his adherents, # 8220 ; I give this male child the cherished religious wealth I acquired under the sacred Bo-tree. I make him the inheritor to that wealth # 8221 ; . Rahula was initiated into the order of monastics. When this intelligence reached the ears of Buddha # 8217 ; s male parent, he was really much grieved because after losing his boy, he now lost his grandson besides. Buddha performed some miracles. A barbarous snake of great charming power sent forth fire against Buddha. Buddha turned his ain organic structure into fire and sent Forth fires against the snake. Once a tree set down one of its subdivisions in order to assist Buddha when he wanted to come up out of the H2O of a armored combat vehicle. One twenty-four hours five hundred pieces of firewood split by themselves at Buddha # 8217 ; s bid. Buddha created five 100 vass with fire combustion in them for the Jatilas to warm themselves on a winter dark. When there was inundation, he caused the H2O to withdraw and so he walked over the H2O. Ananda, one of Buddha # 8217 ; s cousins, was one of the chief early adherents of Buddha and was a most devoted friend and adherent of Buddha. He was devoted to Buddha with a particular excitement in a simple childly manner and served him as his personal attender till the terminal of his life. He was really popular. he was a really sweet adult male with pleasant ways. He had no rational attainments, but he was a adult male of great earnestness and loving nature. Devadatta, one of Ananda # 8217 ; s brothers, was besides in the Order. Devadatta became Buddha # 8217 ; s greatest challenger and tried difficult to throw out Buddha and busy the topographic point himself. A Barber named Upali and a countryman called Anuruddha were admitted into the Order. Upali became a distinguished leader of his Order. Anuruddha became a Buddhistic philosopher of huge eruditeness. THE End Buddha went to Sravasti, the capital of the land of Kosala. Here a affluent merchandiser gave him for abode an extended and beautiful wood. Buddha spent many showery seasons at that place and delivered several expansive discourses. Therefore Lord Buddha preached his philosophy for over 45 old ages going from topographic point to topographic point. Buddha died of an unwellness brought on by some mistake in diet. He became badly through eating Sukara-maddavam, prepared for him by a lady disciple named Cundo. The observer explains the word as significance # 8216 ; pig # 8217 ; s flesh # 8217 ; . Subadhara Bhikshu thinks it means something which wild Sus scrofas are fond of and says that it has something of the nature of a earthnut. Dr. Hoey says that it is non boar # 8217 ; s flesh but Sukarakanda or pig # 8217 ; s root, a bulblike root found chiefly in the jungle and which Hindus eat with great joy. It is a Phalahar that is eaten on yearss of fasting. Buddha said to Ananda, # 8220 ; Go Ananda, prepare for me, between duplicate Sal trees, a sofa with the caput northerly. I am dog-tired and would wish to lie down # 8221 ; . A fantastic scene followed. The twin Sal trees burst into full bloom although it was non the flowering season. Those flowers fell on the organic structure of Buddha out of fear. Divine coral tree flowers and divine sandalwood pulverizations fell from above on Buddha # 8217 ; s organic structure out of fear. Lord Buddha said, # 8220 ; Come now, beloved monastics. I bid you farewell. Compounds are capable to disintegration. Prosper ye through diligence and work out your redemption # 8221 ; . Buddha # 8217 ; s original name was Siddhartha. It meant 1 who had accomplished his purpose. Gautama was Siddhartha # 8217 ; s household name. Siddhartha was known all over the universe as Buddha, the Enlightened. He was besides known by the name of Sakhya Muni, which meant an abstainer of the Sakhya folk. 31b

Alligators and Crocodiles Essay Essay Example

Alligators and Crocodiles Essay Essay Example Alligators and Crocodiles Essay Essay Alligators and Crocodiles Essay Essay Not many people can distinguish between a crocodile and an alligator. Alligators and crocodiles are similar but different in so many ways. In this paper I will discourse the alligator and crocodile similarities and differences. If you see an alligator or a crocodile could you state the difference? The ways you can state the difference in an alligator and a crocodile is the neb. centripetal cavities. salt secretory organs on lingua. jaws and dentition. Besides in this paper I will paint you a image of how the reptilians look and tell you the difference in the reptile’s size and home ground. Alligators are semi-aquatic carnivorous reptilians with four legs and a immense tail. Col. 2010 ) . The reptilian tail is half its length and it helps impel the alligator through the H2O. It is besides used as a arm and shops fat for the alligator which he will utilize for nutriment for the winter. They are coldblooded ( poikilothermic ) animate beings which do non do their ain organic structure heat but gain their heat by enjoying in the Sun. ( Col. 2010 ) . The Chinese alligator can turn between 6 pess long and American alligators are 13 pess long but can turn up to 19 pess. Crocodiles have big. wide organic structures with short legs and long. muscular tail. The crocodile has thick. leathery tegument with bony. plate-shaped graduated tables. ( Hayden ) . They are cold blooded animate beings that colour is either grey-green or brown. The crocodile have ears which are slits on the side of the caput that most of us do non see and let them to hold superb hearing. The crocodile caput is long and pointed with the eyes and anterior nariss located on the top of the caput. Crocodile can run from 7-15 pess long but neer halt turning and can populate up to 75 old ages. Alligator’s upper jaw is wider than the lower jaw and its lower dentition are largely hidden when oral cavity is closed and fit into sockets in the upper jaw but makes the 4th tooth on each sides of its lower jaw tantrum into a socket in the upper jaw. Turner ) . Alligators have a broad U-shaped short neb. Alligators have non-functional salt secretory organs and centripetal cavities that are merely near the jaws. ( Col. 2010 ) Crocodiles upper jaws is about the same size as the lower jaw which makes its lower dentition show outside the upper jaw when oral cavity is closed. ( Turner ) The crocodile upper dentition show outside the lower jaw but nebs are narrow. v-shaped and long. Crocodile salt secretory organs on the lingua excrete extra salt and the centripetal cavities are over most of the organic structure. Alligators are merely native to the United States and China but like to eat fish. polo-necks. assorted mammals. birds and other reptilians. The alligator lives merely in fresh Waterss like pools. fens. wetlands. rivers. lakes. and swamps. ( Lutz. 2012 ) . When on land the alligator is slow to travel but can travel reasonably rapidly in short distances. The alligators are normally lone animate beings but smaller 1s can be found in big Numberss near to each other. ( Lutz. 2012 ) Crocodiles live along the seashore of Florida. . Central America. and parts of South America. The crocodile may populate in brackish or salt-water that is warm and quiet such as Rhizophora mangle swamps that are largely found against the shorelines. ( Turner ) . Crocodile besides may populate where the river meets the sea known as estuaries. The crocodile eat fish and other animate beings that they find in or near the H2O. including polo-necks. serpents. little mammals. and birds. The reptilian does most of its hunting at dark which makes him nocturnal. Crocodiles are besides diffident. reclusive. and seldom seen by people but are still really aggressive. ( Hayden ) Since alligators and crocodile are both reptilians they are frequently easy mistaken. I hope by reading this you can now state the difference between an alligator and a crocodile. Alligators and crocodile physical visual aspect are really likewise but if you look at the reptilians you could easy indicate out what is different. The things that are different about them are the neb. salt secretory organs on lingua. centripetal cavities. jaws. and dentitions. Remember crocodiles are really aggressive so do non near them because they will assail. Now that you have a better visual of a crocodile and alligator. if you were to come into contact with one of the reptilians could you state the difference between the two.

How To Make Your Content More Social Media Friendly

How To Make Your Content More Social Media Friendly Social media is key for  content marketing success.  Once youve put the work into producing a piece of content, you want it to catch fire and get tons of shares. All you have to do is blast the link across your social channels, and watch all the shares and traffic roll in. Right? Well, that isnt quite how it works. And if your social media content isnt performing, it could be because it isnt very social media friendly. Depending on how you look at it, social media can be a blessing or a curse. Sure, it is a great low cost channel for spreading your content, but it can also be a crippling scapegoat if you arent careful. You could but be publishing on social media regularly with little return on your investment, all with the appearance of doing great content marketing. Are your readers actually  sharing your content?  Are your really achieving the social traction that you expected or deserve? Is the good old hub-and-spoke model of content marketing actually working for you? Fortunately, the problem may be entirely your fault. You may just need to make some basic adjustments to make your content more social media friendly. The more friendly you make your content, after all, the more likely your readers will be to share it with their audience. Here are five easy ways that you can do just that. Want more people to share your content? Make it more social media friendly. 1.  Make Sure Your Content Looks Good On Social Media One of the first things that you need to do is to make sure that your content look good when it is shared on social media. This relies on  Ã‚  a small bit of meta-tag code that should included the HEAD of your html page. This code will provide instructions to networks like Twitter, Facebook, Google+ and Pinterest by telling them which image, title, and description to use when a post goes live. You can preview what your own link previews look like using this  handy debug tool provided by Facebook. There are several ways to ensure that your link previews always look great. The free  JetPack plugin  or  Yoast SEO plugin  for WordPress will make a "best guess" at what these link previews should include using data from the post itself. This is a good starting point, but may not offer enough flexibility for the power user. Tools like our own allow you to completely  customize your link previews, giving you maximum editing control. Recommended Reading: Best Practices Guide For Making Sure Your Posts Look Good On Social Media 2. Write Emotional Headlines Because They Get  Shared More One of the ways to make your content more social media friendly is to write headlines that are more likely to be shared with others. There are some very simple ways to do this. For example, our research has proved that headlines with more emotional value tend to get shared more with others. With millions of headlines in our system, we went through each one and calculated its  Emotional Marketing Value (EMV) – a rating that attempts to measure the emotional value of a headlines. What we learned was that headlines with a higher emotional value were more likely to be shared on line. The  Emotional Marketing Value Headline Analyzer  Ã‚  is a free tool from  the Advanced Marketing Institute that you can use to calculate the EMV of your own headlines. Can this tool predict shares? Maybe. Simply copy and paste your headline into the box and it will give you a calculated score of your headline’s EMV Score. After researching EMV, we thought a great tool would combine that research with other elements of headlines that drive shares, traffic, and search results. That's why we built the headline analyzer. Try this tool to write even better headlines. Write More Shareable  Headlines With Our Free Headline Analyzer The headline analyzer  will help you: Use headline types that get the most traction for social shares, traffic, and search engine ranking. Make sure you have the right word balance to write readable headlines that command attention. See the best  word and character length for search engines like Google and email subject lines, while also seeing  how your readers will scan your headlines. Try The Free Headline Analyzer Now Recommended  Reading: Proof That Emotional Headlines Get Shared More On Social Media 3.  Make Your Content  Easy To Share By adding simplicity to your page, you can increase the likelihood that someone will share your content, immediately making it more social media friendly. There are few simple things that you can do to make this more likely. Make Sure Your Social Sharing Buttons Are In The Right Spot Not long ago we took at look  at how the placement of social sharing buttons could  best influence social sharing from  our blog layout. What we found was that  the top/left side of the page seemed to perform the  best for most situations.  Because most websites load content on the left side of the page, and based on how people typically look through a site, it is pretty easy to see that the most noticeable place for this type of activity is in the top-left portion of the page.   Recommended Reading: What is the Best Placement for Social Media Buttons? Add Easily Sharable Content To Your Post Here at we made a simple plugin for our own use, and have  recently  made it available to everyone for free. This simple tool allows you to easily add tweetable content to your posts.  Ã‚  These boxes create important triggers that you can use to get your readers sharing content for you. Create beautiful boxes in your blog posts. #ClickToTweet Make Your Images Easy To Share SumoMe makes a great little tool that allows your readers to easily share your blog images via Twitter, Facebook, and Pinterest. It is the best option out there for sharing your visual content across the web. Recommended Reading: 25 Growth Hacks Your Content Marketing Desperately Needs 4. Publish Your Content At The  Right  Time When is the best time to publish a blog post? KISSmetrics in corporation with  Dan Zarrella  has been able to crack the code on this very idea. Key Takeaways: Most blog content is read in the mornings. However, men tend to be more likely to read content in the evenings. Monday is the best day of the week to publish content. Most blog posts gets the most traffic around 11am. Saturday and early morning visitors (9am) tend to leave more comments. Monday and Tuesday are the highest drivers of inbound traffic. The take away on this data is  pretty easy to see. It is likely in your best interest to publish your content early in the week, and early in the morning to maximize your social media  impact.

Business system Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business system - Assignment Example The system combined information system with indicators in the identification of parking areas. The project is affected by time and resource limitations. The financial resources required to plan for and implement the parking system, should be effectively budgeted for. The system should be implemented by a competent computer programmer in consultation with the building architect. It is thus assumed that MUN has adequate finances that will be used in implementing the project. The project also requires 2 months to be a success. It is thus expected that MUN has adequately created a schedule for the implementation of the parking system project. It is also assumed that the project will be environmentally friendly. This is through minimizing fuel use, because drivers quickly notice available parking slots. The Car Park Guidance System (CPGS) gives drivers dynamic data concerning parking in a controlled environment, like in the parking area of MUN. CPGS is alternatively referred to as the Parking Guidance and Information systems (PGI). CPGS integrates traffic monitoring, variable message sign, GPS, communication and processing technologies, to give the service. The modern parking spaces apply several technologies that assist motorists in; getting parking lots that are unoccupied, locating their vehicles, and also enhancing their parking experience. The technologies involve adaptive lighting, indoor positioning system (IPS), sensors, and also space led indicators. The red indicator illustrates an occupied space, the green indicator illustrates available space, and the blue indicator illustrating reservation for the elderly. The PGI is a key component of the intelligence transport system, which is mainly applicable in urban area environments and institutions like the MUN. The PGI assists in the implementation of an effective, efficient, environmentally friendly, and safe parking space. The PGI system operates

Key Principles of Corporate Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Key Principles of Corporate Governance - Essay Example The role of corporate governance has, therefore, become increasingly vital to the strategic management of the organization and projection of its aims and objectives in the eyes of the public and other stakeholders. Corporate governance can be broadly defined as the creation of business environment within and outside the organization that would effectively meet the challenges of the time and improve and improvise the productivity of the performance outcome. The lack of effective controls vis-Ã  -vis malpractices in accounts and auditing, security of confidential information, corrupt practices in the higher hierarchy of management, disparity in rules and regulation etc. have become crucial risks factors that have resulted in huge economic loss for its shareholders as well adversely affecting its credibility in the market. Hence, in the fast changing environment of globalization, business compulsions have become more stringent in their nature and factors like accountability, responsibility and reliability have become important pre-requisites for business to create a credible environment for their trade and investment. ‘Corporate governance framework should recognize the rights of stakeholders established by law or through mutual agreement..’ (Du Plessis, 2005, p.36). The key principles of corporate governance are described and ranked in order of importance as under: ‘Corporate disclosure to stakeholders is the principal means by which companies can become transparent’ (Solomon, 2007, p143). Thus, Corporate Governance promotes effective control measures to safeguard the interest of all its stakeholders, investors and business partners. Under the codes of corporate governance, the disclosure mainly relates to the policy of the company to disclose relevant information about its budgets, annual financial statements

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Telecommunication Information Technology Essay

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Telecommunication Information Technology Essay Currently technologies develop very fast, making it hard for people to keep up with them. The development of these technologies causes changes in all aspects of life. Regarding professional life, new technologies influence the way of working. Telecommuting is a new way of working, which makes use of those new technologies, in which high speed internet is most important. Telecommuting or telework is a way of working in which an employee is able to stay at home and work on his or her own computer instead of having to go to an office. For the sake of cost reduction and global environment improvement, telecommuting is heavily recommended by lots of organizations. Telecommuting is a new way of working that is presented to be a environmentally cleaner, cheaper and more flexible way of working. However, could telecommuting be only positive for the employee and his or her employer? There might be some disadvantages concerning this new way of working. This paper gives an insight in the advant ages and disadvantages of telecommuting, both for employees and employers. First, telecommuting is described more thoroughly, followed by the advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting. Gap: many articles write about the advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting, though there are contradictions between them, in this paper is tried to give views from different angles, in order to create a better overview is the advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting. What is telecommuting? Telecommuting, also known as e-commuting or e-work, is the term used when individuals take advantage of the many technological advances to work from anywhere they desire, giving themselves flexibility in their hours and work locations (Helsin, 2007). Furthermore, it is important to note that telecommuting should be approved by the employer whereas telecommuting is a topic of which opinions differ. Not every organization allows its employees to work at their home instead of at the actual office. Telecommuting seems to be mainly driven by a change in management attitudes, improvements in technology, savings in office costs and the demand from the staff (Haynes, 2000). While saving costs is an aspect which counts for every organization, the choice to use teleworking seems to depend on the demand from staff and management. An exhibit by Harpaz (2002) displays that the biggest countries in telecommuting in 2002 were the USA (27%), Sweden (15%), The Netherlands (14%) and Finland (17%). The reason for such a high rate of telecommuters in the USA could be the size of the country, as the long distances make staying at home a good alternative. Counties like Sweden, The Netherlands and Finland are Europeans best developed countries regarding ICT facilities, which are needed for telecommuting. Telecommuting seems to be adapted quite a lot, for sure in countries in which the driving aspects of telecommuting are present. Advantages of telecommuting Flexibility in work locations and time In the majority of the current households, both partners have a fulltime job. It is hard for two people who both have a fulltime job to balance their professional and private life, especially while they have children. A common occurrence is young children staying at a day-care from 7.00 AM until 6.00 PM. As soon as they have finished their dinner, they already need to go to bed. In order to see each other more frequently, so to balance the combination of a private and professional life, telecommuting is a useful way of working. While conducting telecommuting, one gets more autonomy on his or her distribution of time. This rise of flexibility gives telecommuters the possibility to pick up the kids after school, instead of leaving them at a day-care, or, in case of no kids, to let the dog out. Despite of the advantage for the employee to be able to be more flexible in his or her work, for the employer it is hard to check what the employee is actually doing while he or she is not at the office. A change in management attitude is crucial for telecommuting to become successful in an organization (Haynes, 2000). DISADVANTAGEEMPLOYER Self-discipline: work according to self-imposed schedule; not enough/ addicted to work(because of irregular working times) Reduction of travelling costs and time An important problem which is to be solved by telecommuting is the cost and waste of time due to travelling to and from the office. Working at home eliminates the expensive fuel costs and the time one would lose by having to drive to his or her office. Another advantage is that while more people work from home, less traffic jams would occur. Not only these direct benefits like saving time and costs are important, not having to drive to work means there would be less frustrations in traffic and one is able to sleep longer. The employee will probably become more satisfied, which will have a positive influence on the motivation and productivity. So telecommuting has very positive effects on employees regarding the travelling costs and time. Professional flexibility By conducting telecommuting, a person is no longer attached to his or her physical office, so the combination of two jobs could be more likely. Though, for lots of people having two jobs would be too time expensive. While people do not longer feel as connected to their job as they used to when they were physically present at the office, job-hopping becomes more likely. People tend to have the strong desire to have more control over their own careers. Because they feel less connected to an organization when they telecommute, they feel more free to quit and find another job. This development is not only an advantage for the employee, it could be an advantage for an employer as well. Employers could make use of those frequently switching employees by temporarily hiring them when they are needed for a project and by dismissing them as soon as they are no longer needed or when they do not work as good as is required. On the other hand, this development could become a disadvantage for orga nizations as employees could tend to switch jobs that frequently, that it becomes hard for organizations to manage their human resources. Thus professional flexibility as a result of telecommuting could be an advantage for employees as they will be able to combine two jobs or to make use of job-hopping. Reduces office size The use of telecommuting could result in lower costs in organizations. While organizations always target on saving costs, current economic difficulties will make organizations even more aware of saving costs. Organizations are not only able to reduce costs because of the earlier mentioned travel costs which will be saved, but also because the offices could become smaller. Organizations used to need to facilitate at least one desk with a computer for each employee, because of a part of the staff is staying at home, the office size can be reduced. This will save money, not only for the less square meters over which a company needs to pay rent, but also because there will be lower electricity costs. Thus, next to the reduction of travel costs, telecommuting can result in lower costs because of the smaller size of an office that is needed. Increasing health The effects of telecommuting on the employees health are doubtful. It is hard find whether they could be allocated to the section of advantages or to the disadvantages. Earlier described advantages state that the fact that an employee could become more flexible in working times, could make them more satisfied. On the other hand, an employee who works at home seems to need to make sure there is a good balance between private and professional life in order to avoid a burn-out (Peters, 2010). In order to create this balance, an employee needs to have the adequate facilities at home, which contain a decent working place with access to new technologies. Also, the employee would need to have a place where he or she could get some distraction from work occasionally. So in order to work from home, while taking care of its health, an employee should be able to create a balance between private and professional life and make sure there are adequate facilities. Disadvantages of telecommuting Isolation A crucial difference between working at home and working at an office is the presence of colleagues. The fact that someone works all alone throughout a day, could affect its performance. Although it does not count for all people, many people seem to need to have the feeling of belonging to a team (Harpaz, 2002). This psychological aspect of being separated from the office environment which contains colleagues, new developments and occurrences is for many people very important. Those people like to interact with colleagues and to share what they are doing. So although people seem to feel better when they stay at home, because they are able to see their partner and children more frequently, the lack of having colleagues around could affect the quality of their work in a negative way. Other disadvantages of working at home are that some people would like to be seen and others would like to have responsibilities at the office (Novay, 2011). Security risks The fact that an employee works at home, means that important documents with information need to be accessible from home. For an organization this gives the risk that confidential documents could be stolen from the desk at the employees home or his or her car. Most employees live in a surrounding which is less secured than the actual office. As soon as an employee is about to work at home, his or her manager will not be able to check where those important documents might be (Sturgeon, 1996). Again, for an organization it is important to trust employees, otherwise telecommuting will not work properly. Documents could be divided in physical documents and electronic documents. For organizations it could be hard to secure the physical documents, however the electronic documents could be secured a little better. By providing employees a laptop, on which they can work at home, with the best security software, the chances of spyware might be reduces. Still the employee needs to preserve the laptop on a secure location, in order to make sure the laptop itself will not be stolen. Depending on the measures both employers and employees take, the security of information could be reduced, however the problems with the security of information will remain to be a big disadvantage of telecommuting. Conclusion There have been a lot of articles written about the advantages and disadvantages, however it has been showed that the arguments given in those articles differ in some parts. This paper states the most important advantages and disadvantages given in those articles. It is generally believed that telecommuting is an important new trend in professional life, because of its many advantages. In short, flexibility in work locations and time, reduction of travelling costs and time, professional flexibility, reduces the office sixe and the increase of health seem to be the most important advantages. Though, there are also disadvantages of telecommuting: isolation and security risks. On this basis, it may be concluded that the phenomenon telecommuting has some disadvantages alongside of the advantages. While in this paper it shows only two disadvantages towards five advantages, this does not indicate that those five advantages weigh heavier than the two disadvantages. I think that an organizat ion could only have its employees to telecommute while keeping both advantages and disadvantages in mind, because there are two sides. The employees themselves should consider both sides as well. Given this, it could be said that for many people it is interesting to make use of telecommunication. It might be very useful to be able to work during a time schedule that works best for someones home situation and also for his or her career. Whether telecommunicating is good for someones health is not certain and seems to depend on each person individually, there are people who cope better with the autonomy they get in dividing their time in personal and professional moments. Telecommuting seems to be a good way to combine the extreme busy life people currently tend to have, the environmental issues everyone wants to improve and . Assuming that the techniques will improve during the coming years, telecommuting could probably only get easier to apply. Regarding the advantages and disadvant ages, it would probably be hard to choose for a professional life in which telecommuting would be applied throughout the entire week. I think that telecommuting is useful, but only if it would be used during one or two days a week, in order to keep away isolation risks and to make sure that employees keep up with news on the office floor. Telecommuting is useful for both employees and employers, though too much use of telecommuting could cause risks.

How does Pinter exploit the verbal and the visual in the Birthday Party

The Birthday Party is a play in which the visual and the verbal are carefully put together to create certain effects in the spectators. Pinter exploits both the verbal and the visual to show the personalities of the characters as well as their relationships, often with much ambiguity as the visual and verbal do not always match. Indeed, the contrast between the visual and the verbal can at times be very disconcerting for the spectators, creating an atmosphere of uncertainty and secrecy. Pinter also explores power, both verbal and visual, and how it is used to create fear and violence as well as the idea of secrecy. Obviously, the verbal and visual are very important for the characterisation, it is through what characters say and do that we are able to know more about them and the other characters. Petey is the first character that we see on stage, he is also probably the character that we doubt the least; for example, when he says that it is his chess night we are inclined to believe him. He is perhaps the only character, aside from Stanley, who is not taken in by Goldberg and McCann, which we see through his questioning their actions; â€Å"Where are you taking him?† He also is not seduced by Goldberg's speeches the way Meg and Lulu are, all he says after Goldberg talks about his childhood is â€Å"Well, we all remember our childhood†. Petey's blunt manner here shows that he is not really interested by the two newcomers, perhaps why he does not stay for the party. Petey is also quite blunt with his wife, Meg; he answers her questions but does not really elaborate what he is saying or take any interest in her, often just answering â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no†. The spectators get the impression that he would much rather be left alone, in fact the only things he seems to show any real interest in are the paper and his chess night, thus making it seem that he prefers the â€Å"outside† world to the community in the boarding house. Meg is almost the exact opposite to Petey. Unlike him, the boarding house community seems to be her world; the only time she leaves is to go shopping. She is also very proud of it, saying â€Å"this is a very good boarding house. It is. It's on the list† to Petey. Meg seems to be quite simple, asking stupid questions and making obvious statements such as â€Å"But sometimes you go out in the morning and its dark†. She also seems to believe everything people tell her, for example, she believes that Stanley is a concert pianist despite this being very unlikely. She is a trusting character who latches on to others, perhaps because her own husband does not seem to care for her. She admires Goldberg and listens to what he says; it is he who suggests that she throw a party for Stanley's birthday and she asks him what she should drink and whether she looks nice; she seems to want his approval.Sentence and Verbal Communication She also cares for Stanley, saying â€Å"he's [her] Stanley now†, and despite the fact that he sometimes bullies her; she still cares about what he thinks, for example, on page 21 after he menaces her she says in a small voice â€Å"Didn't you enjoy your breakfast Stan?† The audience gets the impression from what she says, and perhaps the nervous facial expressions we could imagine her to have at this moment, that she worries a lot about pleasing Stanley, an idea emphasised by her panic when she realises she has nothing to give him for breakfast on page 70. Overall, verbally and visually, Meg seems to be a simple and trusting character that cares a great deal about her guests and what they think. However, her last words, â€Å"Oh, it's true I was. (Pause) I know I was.† perhaps show that she is not so trusting as she seems as the pause and repetition could mean that she is trying to convince herself that what she says is true while she knows that it is not. Meg's uncertainty also appears at other points in the play where the stage directions say that she is uncertain or uneasy, such as on page 54. Perhaps this uncertainty is simple because she is not comfortable in social situations or maybe she thinks the others are making fun of her, for example, when Goldberg asks her to make a speech. The audience can get the impression that she chooses to believe the others because it is easier than confronting them, which could cause her whole world to fall apart. A lot of Meg and Petey's characterisation is done through their relationship with each other. Indeed, Pinter exploits their dialogues to add humour to the play. The fast rhythm created by the short sentences shot back and forth can remind the audience of a tennis game while Meg's constant questioning can make the audience laugh, for example on page 11: â€Å"Petey: Someone's just had a baby Meg: Oh, they haven't! Who? Petey: Some girl. Meg: Who, Petey, who? Petey: I don't think you'd know her. Meg: What's her name? Petey: Lady Mary Splatt. Meg: I don't know her.† Their dialogue is full of pointless questions, obvious statements and vague words such as â€Å"nice† which is repeated 15 times throughout the dialogue. It seems obvious to the audience that they are speaking simply for the sake of it, to fill the gap created by silence, as Meg often asks a question after a lull in the conversation to try and keep it going. The way some of the dialogue is repeated in the third act also emphasises the routine of Meg and Petey's lives as a married couple. Their actions also seem quite stereotypical, for example Petey, the husband, reads the paper while Meg, the wife, makes him breakfast, tidies the room, darns and goes shopping. Thus both the visual and verbal come together to show Meg and Petey as a comedic, stereotypical, old married couple. Lulu is a neighbour; she is the character who seems to care about visual appearance the most. The first time we see her in the play she starts putting on makeup and tells Stanley to take more care over his appearance. However, despite her saying that he looks â€Å"terrible† she still asks him to go for a walk with her. Thus showing that what she actually says is not always what she thinks as if she attaches so much importance to appearance she would not want to go out with him. Lulu is also attracted to Goldberg because of his verbal power, indeed she says â€Å"That was a wonderful speech† and â€Å"you're a marvellous speaker† to him. Therefore we can assume that speech is important to Lulu. The audience only finds out what happened between Lulu and Goldberg the next morning, although we are made aware that they are attracted to each other at the party when they embrace, by what they say. However, neither character says exactly what happened; we have to guess through hints that are made. Whereas the night before the two were physically very close, Lulu sitting on Goldberg's lap, in the morning Lulu keeps away from him, it says in the stage directions that she backs upstage left and retreats to the back door, thus creating a visual reminder of their separation. What is actually said is quite ambiguous; Lulu insists that Goldberg is the one at fault, comparing him to Eddie, her â€Å"first love†, saying â€Å"he wouldn't come into my bedroom at night with a briefcase† and â€Å"you made use of me by cunning when my defences were down†. However, Goldberg replies â€Å"Who opened the briefcase, me or you?† and â€Å"Who took them down?†, thus implying that Lulu can only blame herself for what happened. Despite the seriousness of this scene and Lulu's being obviously upset there is also humour when Lulu says â€Å"You taught me things a girl shouldn't know before she's been married at least three times!†. This adds some humour to the otherwise serious dialogue but makes Lulu lose her credibility. The ambiguity remains about whether Goldberg did use Lulu against her will as in previous scenes Lulu has acted in a quite experienced manner. Lulu does seem like a character who is quite sure of herself at other times; she doesn't mind saying what she thinks, for example she criticises Stanley, saying â€Å"you're a bit of a washout, aren't you?† As well as this, at the end she leaves the house without giving in to McCann and confessing. Indeed, she actually says â€Å"I know what's going on. I've got a pretty shrewd idea.† it's not certain whether this is true but either way it shows that she does possess a certain amount of intelligence as she knows Goldberg won't want people finding out what they did to Stanley. Overall, Lulu shows through what she says that she is an intelligent character but her relationship with Goldberg shows that she may act in a more experienced way than she is. Stanley is another character who shows a lot of pretence, the way he speaks and acts changes depending on the characters he is with. Throughout the entire play we wonder who he really is and what he is doing in the boarding house. In a way he plays many different roles in the play. With Meg he is a son, a boarding house guest or a angry lover, with Lulu he tries to be a â€Å"real† man, with McCann and Goldberg he tries to be strong but he soon breaks down. Indeed, it is hard to work out exactly who Stanley is without looking at each of his relationships with the other characters. When we first see Stanley, he is dressed in pyjamas and is unshaven; he could seem like a stereotypical lazy teenager, especially as he has slept in. Indeed, before we see him Meg and Petey talk about him and Meg continually calls him â€Å"the boy†. She also says that she'd rather have a boy when Petey tells her that a Lady Mary Splatt has had a baby girl. This could lead the audience to believe that Stanley is their son. When Meg goes to wake him up we do not see what happens, we simply hear laughter from Meg and shouts from Stanley, and it is not certain exactly what is happening. Perhaps Meg is tickling Stanley (something that she later threatens to do), perhaps she is taking his covers or perhaps she is doing something of a more sexual nature as when she returns she is panting and her hair is messed up. The first dialogue we see between Meg and Stanley involves Meg continuing to treat him like a child, saying he can't have his second course until he's finished his first. However, Stanley does not act like a child; he threatens to leave Meg, saying â€Å"I'll have to go down to one of those smart hotels on the front†. Later on, Stanley morphs back into a child, teasing Meg when she tells him to say sorry first, replying â€Å"Sorry first† instead of sorry, while Meg says he deserves the strap before becoming flirtatious, speaking â€Å"coyly†. The speed in which Meg changes both verbally and visually from treating Stanley like a son to a lover is quite startling, one second she is ruffling his hair and the next she is sensually stroking his arm. However, one thing remains constant, and that is Stanley's reaction to her touching him, every time he recoils or pushes her away. He also criticises her verbally, saying she isn't a good wife and doesn't know how to make tea. It is due to all this changing that the audience does not know for certain what their relationship is, we do get the impression though that they have had a sexual relationship is the past as Meg says â€Å"I've had some lovely afternoons in [your] room† and asks him to give her a kiss on page 36. It seems as though Stanley is ashamed of what happened though, which is why he treats her so badly. Stanley's relationship with Lulu is quite different. He tries to talk to her, talking about the weather in a way which echoes Meg and Petey's conversation. This makes it seem as though he has very little contact with anyone else as this is the only way he knows how to talk, an idea emphasised by Lulu asking him if he ever goes out. He also lies to her, saying he went swimming â€Å"all the way to the headland† that morning, which we know to be untrue, and asks her to go away with him but does not know where to. This dialogue shows that Stanley is socially inept as well as emphasising his lack of contact with the outside world. Stanley's relationship with McCann is hard to ascertain, we can not even be sure whether they knew each other before coming to the boarding house. Although, at the beginning of the second act McCann asks Stanley if they've met before and Stanley replies that they haven't, Stanley later goes on to say that he's â€Å"got a feeling† they've met before. They both whistle the same song, making it seem as though they do have a link. Stanley tries to act verbally powerful with McCann, mimicking Goldberg; he talks about his past and business, a theme which Goldberg made a speech about in the first act. However, Stanley soon falters in his speech, pausing and ending with the words â€Å"Do you know what I mean?† which McCann answers with an abrupt â€Å"No†. This shows the audience that McCann is not really interested in Stanley's words, and perhaps that he is not taken in by his lies. The power of speech does not seem to work well with McCann as he refuses to answer Sta nley's questions about why they are here, thus making Stanley seem quite weak, especially compared to the threatening and violent Stanley we saw with Meg in the first act. It seems that Stanley knew Goldberg, or at least of him, prior to his arrival at the boarding house as he seems afraid of him before he has even spoken to him: In act one when Meg tells him Goldberg's name he does not reply, just stays sitting still, the audience could think that this is because he is afraid as if he didn't recognise the name he would've perhaps said so when Meg asked him. He also asks McCann questions about him, although he does not say Goldberg's name but simply refers to him as â€Å"he†. Goldberg however says that he â€Å"hasn't had the pleasure† when Meg asks him if he's met Stanley, this fits with McCann's refusing to acknowledge that Stanley may have known him before: the two characters try to hide any links they may have with Stanley. Stanley also tries to make Goldberg leave, again showing his fear of him, either because he is from some kind of organisation that Stanley has run away from or because Stanley is simply afraid of â€Å"outsidersà ¢â‚¬ . Thus, Stanley shows his fear through what he says, despite never stating that he is actually afraid. Stanley's relationships with Goldberg and McCann revolve around secrecy and power. Indeed, the characters of McCann and Goldberg themselves seem to be defined by their power as well as their origins, which are shown verbally and visually McCann is a typical Irish name, and the two Christian names he is called by in the play, Dermot and Seamus, are also typically Irish. As well as this we could imagine that the character speaks with an Irish accent. There are also certain humorous things to do with McCann's â€Å"irishness†. Firstly, when Stanley asks him where he is from he replies â€Å"Where do you think?†, this could seem funny to the audience as it is plainly obvious that McCann comes from Ireland. Secondly, McCann refuses to drink Scotch whisky, pouring himself Irish whisky instead. McCann is also characterised by his physical power. It is always he who carries out physical actions, such as breaking the glasses, bringing Stanley downstairs and fighting physically with him. McCann's physical power is easy to see but this power also causes him to act like a servant as he has to carry the suitcases and the alcohol. This is a visual reminder of Goldberg's superiority to him, which is shown verbally by both characters in the play as well. For example in the first act McCann asks Goldberg many questions and needs assurance from Goldberg, making it obvious that it is he who is in charge. Unlike McCann, Goldberg is a Jewish character. He does not seem to take so much pride in his roots as McCann as he never actually mentions that he is Jewish. However, Goldberg and Simon (Simey) are typical Jewish names and throughout the play we are reminded of his origins through the use of Jewish words such as â€Å"gefilte (fish)†. His religion is also used in a humorous way when McCann says â€Å"You've always been a true christian† and Goldberg replies â€Å"In a way†, this could make the audience smile as the fact that Goldberg is Jewish is very obvious. Goldberg seems to try hard to show that he is integrated in the English â€Å"way of life†. He uses many idiomatic expressions and also creates an image of a cosy family life in the past. Goldberg is characterised by his verbal power instead of physical power. Indeed, except at one point in the play, when he tries to strangle McCann, he seems to be completely physically incapable of action; he is almost always sitting down and cannot defend himself when Stanley kicks him in the stomach during the interrogation scene. Goldberg's physical inability is contrasted with his verbal ability. Whenever Goldberg speaks in the first two acts, whether it is about Stanley, the past or something else, the other characters are in his thrall. They cannot help but listen to him, and the results of this depend on how he uses his power, for example he causes Stanley to break down by interrogating him and seduces Lulu through his speeches. Sometimes when he speaks he uses complicated words, making it hard for the other characters to understand him, such as when he â€Å"explains† to McCann what they are going to do he says â€Å"The main issue is a singular issue and quite distin ct from your previous work. Certain elements, however, might well approximate in points of procedure to some of your other activities†. It is unlikely that this explanation has helped McCann to understand. This complicated sounding explanation, however, would probably make Goldberg seem even more important to both McCann and the audience. Goldberg also uses idiomatic expressions such as â€Å"You're getting on her wick† or â€Å"I gave her a peck†; he also changes a vulgar expression into a more polite version: â€Å"You're getting on my breasts†. These expressions are used quite often in his long speeches with the occupants of the boarding house and Lulu which makes it seem that Goldberg is trying to make his language suitable for these people, while still keeping his verbal power. Goldberg's manipulation using language is particularly obvious when the lights all go out as he stops using long speeches to make people do what he wants and instead gives plain orders, such as â€Å"Everyone quiet! Help him find the torch.† He is also very capable at questioning characters, as shown by his vio lent interrogation of Stanley but also the efficient, softer interrogation of Meg on page 31. However, in the last act, Goldberg seems to lose his power: He keeps pausing and seems unsure of what he wants to say, this uncertainty climaxes with the lines: â€Å"Because I believe that the world†¦ (Vacant.)†¦.Because I believe that the world†¦ (Desperate.) †¦ BECAUSE I BELIEVE THAT THE WORLD†¦(Lost.)†¦.†. It is as though he has used up all his verbal power the night before and has none left. We also notice that Petey, unlike Lulu and Meg, talks back to Goldberg, telling him to do things, thus emphasising his loss of power. In order to get his power back, Goldberg orders McCann to blow in his mouth on page 79. This shows how despite being a powerful character, Goldberg relies on McCann to act for him and to keep him in power. Goldberg and McCann have used their verbal and visual powers not only to control Stanley but also to â€Å"break† him. By the end of the play he is incapable of speech and his appearance is completely changed. He â€Å"is dressed in a dark well-cut suit and white collar and â€Å"he is clean-shaven†. This change in Stanley's visual appearance is a sign of his inner change. Another sign of this change is his lack of comprehensible verbal reactions to Goldberg and McCann's goading him. Indeed, he simply makes noises such as â€Å"Uh-gug†¦uh-gug†¦eeehhh-gag†¦Caahh†¦Ã¢â‚¬  before visually showing his resignation by shuddering and dropping his head. Thus, the power struggles in this play, and perhaps also in real life, are shown through the verbal and the visual aspects of the play and its characters Violence and fear are two very important themes in the play that are linked to power. Pinter exhibits these themes through the verbal and the visual. Indeed, there is a sort of crescendo of violence and fear in the play involving dialogues, language and images. In the first act, the violence is kept minimal until the end, and the majority of this violence is directed from Stanley towards Meg. There are many exclamations and Stanley swears, saying â€Å"Not the bloody table†, he also â€Å"throws her arm away† when she goes to ruffle his hair. These small things soon become larger, with Stanley menacing Meg: â€Å"Tell me, Mrs Boles, when you address yourself to me, do you ever ask yourself exactly who you are talking to?† and scaring her by talking about a wheelbarrow. The last image from the act involves Stanley and Meg again, in the stage directions it says â€Å"beating [the drum] regularly, he begins to go round the table a second time. Halfway round the beat becomes erratic, uncontrolled, Meg expresses dismay. He arrives at her chair, banging the drum, his face and the drumbeat now savage and possessed.† The crescendo of the drumbeat could represent the crescendo of the violence in the play itself and this v iolent image also sets Stanley up to commit violence later on in the play. The second act opens with a menacing image; McCann tearing up strips of newspaper. We can imagine a violent tearing sound to accompany his actions. After this threatening image McCann and Stanley's conversation soon turns violent, with Stanley grabbing hold of McCann's arms and McCann speaking â€Å"savagely [and] hitting his arm†. Stanley is obviously afraid, asking McCann questions such as â€Å"Has he told you anything† in a â€Å"hissing† voice. Their dialogue ends when Goldberg enters with Petey however the violent and menacing atmosphere starts up again once Stanley is alone with Goldberg and McCann. The violence starts verbally, with many questions asked quickly and exclamations, with accusations such as â€Å"He's killed his wife!† The violent dialogue soon becomes visual as shown by the stage directions, â€Å"[Stanley] looks up slowly and kicks Goldberg in the stomach, Goldberg falls. Stanley stands. McCann seizes a chair and lifts it above his head. Stanley seizes a chair and covers his head with it. McCann and Stanley circle.† This shows how the fight with words (the interrogation) has become a physical fight. It is obvious, however, that Stanley has lost the fight as he is incapable of speech, he can only grunt and make animal sounds. It is also McCann who has the last word, shouting, â€Å"The bastard sweat pig is sweating† before the scene calms down abruptly due to Meg's arrival. The violence of the act is kept at bay for a while; however, there is a disconcerting image, which can remind us of the interrogation scene. This is when a toast is made to Stanley with the lights off and a torch shining into his face, just like a stereotypical interrogation scene. The violence of the act is continued in the game of blind man's buff; this violence is visual and is only punctuated by the characters' asking questions and their fearful exclamations. It involves Stanley, who is playing the â€Å"blind man†, first McCann breaks his glasses and Stanley treads on the drum, he then tries to strangle Meg when the lights all go out. The darkness of the stage creates more fear, both amongst the characters but also perhaps among the audience. The sounds that are heard; grunts, a drumbeat, whimpers and then a scream add to this fear and alarm. The act ends with Stanley seeming to try to rape an unconscious Lulu and then Stanley backing away against the wall while everyone else walks menacingly towards him. This is the climax of the violence and menace of the play and this image emphasises how Stanley has had a break down, while also showing his inner feelings: he hates Meg, so tries to kill her; he is attracted to Lulu but the only way he can show his â€Å"manliness† is to rape her. In the last act, there is a lot less violence than in the second. However, there are reminders of the violent second act in the broken drum and glasses. There is also a scene between Goldberg and McCann in which we see Goldberg act violently for the first time, instead of speaking violently: he yells murderously â€Å"Don't call me that! NEVER CALL ME THAT† and seizes McCann by the throat†¦ McCann also yells at Lulu â€Å"savagely† to confess. The audience can notice that the violence perpetuated in this act seems to have less meaning than in the first and second. In the first, the violence helps to characterise Stanley and make us understand what he is capable of whereas in the second it is part of McCann and Goldberg's â€Å"breaking† Stanley, but in the third act it seems to be more associated with the anger of the characters and have less of a real aim. The only violence that does have an aim is the violence that happened upstairs; this violence is mentioned by McCann and Goldberg without referring to it directly. We understand that McCann and Goldberg are actually afraid of what happened through what they say, for example McCann says on page 73 â€Å"I'm not going up there again†. This non visual violence that we are left to imagine seems worse than the violence we saw on stage because of our lack of knowledge of it. All of the visual violence in the play seems quite serious, however at times this is contrasted with humour in the characters' speech. A good example of this is during the interrogation scene in which serious questions and accusations are interspersed with comic lines and expressions, such as McCann saying â€Å"Mother defiler† followed by Goldberg asking why Stanley picks his nose. Stanley himself joins in with this humour at times, saying â€Å"No hands† when Goldberg asks him how many fingers he uses to play the piano. The verbal humour placed alongside violence and seriousness can be quite disconcerting for the spectators and could cause them to take the violence a little less seriously. Much of the characters' fear is caused by the violence of other characters, however, it is also caused by the unknown or secrecy which is shown through verbal communication, or lack of verbal communication, between characters. Stanley's fear in the first act is the main example of this, when Meg mentions the two men that are coming Stanley shows fear, through his actions and his words. He repeats things such as â€Å"It's a false alarm. It's a false alarm† and paces the room, which indicates worry. Stanley is also afraid because he doesn't know why the two men are there, something which is shown by his frantic questioning of McCann. McCann himself also worries about the unknown. We see him question Goldberg about what the job will involve and what he will have to do, his worry is shown particularly through Goldberg ‘s mentioning it. He tells him first to stop worrying and then to stop being so nervous. This shows that fear of the unknown is not simply limited to weaker characters such as Stanley but also physically strong ones; an idea which could also apply to real life. The audience itself never finds out who Goldberg and McCann are and why they are here. Indeed, much of what we know about Goldberg and is past is what he has decided to tell the other characters and we find it impossible to believe him. This is for several reasons: Firstly, he paints a picture of a good, family life which is hard to connect with his seduction of Lulu and his behaviour towards Stanley. Secondly, the way he describes his mother is almost identical to the way he describes his wife; the echoes in his description of them make it seem as though he is almost making them up. Lastly, we know Goldberg lies, for example he tells Petey that McCann is called Dermot and later on in the book he calls him Seamus, he also tells Petey that Stanley is alright. Lies seem to be quite important in this play, especially when talking about the past. Many of the characters lie to each other or at least say something which we could think was a lie. Stanley talks about being a concert pianist and his business, Goldberg talks about his family and Meg talks about hers, while Petey lies to Meg at the end about Stanley still being upstairs. Many of these lies do not seem to do any harm; in fact they seem to make the characters feel better about themselves as they become nostalgic and reflective. However, they add to the level of uncertainty which we find in the play and make it even harder for the audience to know what is going on. To conclude, Pinter takes advantage of both the verbal and the visual to emphasise certain things and explain them completely, such as the characters and their relationships, while also using them to show the themes of the play: Power, violence, fear and secrecy. He also uses it to relax the tension at times through humour but most of all it is used to create ambiguity. The audience can be sure of very few of the things that are said in this play which leads to many varied interpretations of the events and the characters. Perhaps this is what Pinter was hoping for.